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С 1 сентября 2018 года в средних школах Камчатки начнут преподавать астрономию

Два года назад министр образования и науки РФ (теперь министр просвещения) Ольга Васильева решила вернуть в средние школы предмет «Астрономия». Если кто забыл, то астрономия в классическом определении – это наука о строении и развитии космических тел, их систем и Вселенной в целом.

Основными разделами астрономии являются астрометрия, небесная механика и астрофизика. Не буду расшифровывать эти понятия и рассказывать, как астрономия важна для формирования мировоззрения людей. Похоже, в 2016 году Ольга Васильева это тоже поняла и решила восполнить мировоззренческий пробел. Она поставила задачу российским общеобразовательным школам включить предмет «Астрономия» для преподавания в 11 классах не позднее 1 сентября 2018 года. На курс астрономии отводится не менее 35 часов, т. е. один урок в неделю. Эти часы заберут из курса физики. Наша газета уже касалась этой темы. Главный вопрос, на который хотели бы получить ответ директора школ и родительское сообщество в Камчатском крае, – где взять столько учителей астрономии и соответствующие учебники?

Госпожа Васильева решила проблему просто: все преподаватели физики прошли дополнительный курс обучения по астрономии, а также в ускоренном темпе был написан соответствующий учебник по астрономии. Повезло тем школам, в которых были учителя по физике. А что делать тем, у которых таковых не нашлось? Дефицит кадров в камчатских школах приобретает масштабы регионального бедствия. Не хватает учителей математики, физики, биологии, географии, химии. Средний возраст учителя в общеобразовательной школе на Камчатке стремительно приближается к отметке 50 лет. Возможно, астрономию в некоторых школах будут преподавать учителя математики или географии. Если дело с педагогическими кадрами не изменится, то скоро мы будем слушать курс астрономии в какой-нибудь специальной телевизионной передаче. Представьте себе: старшеклассники приходят в класс, в определенное время им включают телевизор, и они конспектируют речь выступающего. Затем телевизор выключают, школьники могут переписать на цифровой носитель выступление и прослушивать его дома. Гениально! При всем при этом министр образования Камчатского края Виктория Сивак уверена, что проблема кадров – это проблема директоров школ. Мол, они обязаны находить учителей. Уважаемому министру пора бы понять, что заниматься пополнением учительского корпуса Камчатского края – это одна из ее важнейших задач. Или она полагает, что всех старшеклассников можно перевести на телевизионное самообучение? Ученики способны самостоятельно прийти в класс и включить телевизор. А еще лучше не приходить в школу, а заниматься на дому. Сколько проблем тогда уйдет от Виктории Ивановны? Ой, много…

Но вернемся к астрономии. Столь острое желание министра просвещения Ольги Васильевой срочно начать осваивать астрономию в общеобразовательных школах выросло не на пустом месте. Последние несколько лет Всероссийский центр изучения общественного мнения (ВЦИОМ) изучал, насколько хорошо образованы россияне. Согласно опросу ВЦИОМ, 25 % взрослых россиян (среди подростков эта цифра достигает 60 %) считают, что не Земля вращается вокруг Солнца, а Солнце вокруг Земли. Наш министр просвещения РФ госпожа Васильева считает, что астрономия прививает иммунитет к лженауке. Умеет Ольга Юрьевна напустить загадочного тумана на банальные истины: Волга впадает в Каспийское море, а Земля вращается вокруг Солнца. Но так было не всегда, в смысле вращения Солнца. Древнегреческие ученые Аристотель и Птолемей, жившие 300 и 200 лет до нашей эры, убедили просвещенное население, что Солнце вращается вокруг Земли. Они заложили основы геоцентризма. Римская католическая церковь придерживалась их учения, считая, что оно не противоречит Ветхому Завету и Евангелию. Всех, кто считал иначе, они объявляли еретиками. 17 февраля 1600 года итальянец Джордано Бруно за свои убеждения, включая те, что Земля вращается вокруг Солнца, был приговорен к казни. 9 февраля инквизиционный трибунал признал Бруно «не раскаявшимся упорным и непреклонным еретиком». Он был лишен священнического сана и отлучен от церкви. Губернатор Рима приказал подвергнуть его наказанию «без пролития крови», т. е. живьем придать огню. Приговор был приведен в исполнение в Риме на площади Цветов. Своим судьям Бруно заявил: «Вероятно, вы с большим страхом выносите мне приговор, чем я его выслушиваю. Сжечь – не значит опровергнуть!»

9 июня 1989 года на площади Цветов в Риме был открыт памятник великому итальянцу и ученому Джордано Бруно. Но до сих пор Римская католическая церковь не реабилитировала его, считая действия инквизиторов оправданными. Неужели католики до сих пор считают, что Солнце вращается вокруг Земли? Другой видный итальянский ученый Галилео Галилей утверждал уже после смерти Джордано Бруно, что Земля вращается вокруг Солнца и одновременно вращается вокруг своей оси, за что тоже предстал перед инквизиционным трибуналом. Его вынудили раскаяться и отречься от своих убеждений. После приговора он встал на колени и произнес текст отречения. Девять лет Галилео Галилей провел под домашним арестом и скончался 8 января 1642 года в возрасте 77 лет. 31 октября 1992 года Папа Иоанн Павел II после двухлетней работы комиссии по реабилитации Галилео Галилея официально признал: «Инквизиция в 1633 году совершила ошибку, силой вынудив ученого отречься от теории Коперника». Согласно этой теории Земля вращается вокруг Солнца, а не наоборот. Этот, скорее, политический жест Папы Римского никак не затронул самого решения инквизиционного трибунала о заточении великого ученого сначала в тюрьму, а затем под домашний арест. Другими словами, Иоанн Павел II сказал: «Посадили правильно, вот только не надо было силой выбивать отречение». Но если бы этого не произошло, т. е. не отрекись Галилео Галилей от своих убеждений, его бы сожгли на костре, так же, как и Джордано Бруно. Выходит, для четверти населения России жертвы, которые принесли на алтарь науки итальянцы Бруно и Галилей, оказались напрасными.

Следуя смыслу сказанного министром просвещения РФ Ольгой Васильевой, можно считать, что уважаемый министр уверена, банальное невежество четверти россиян – это не иначе как следствие увлечения лженаукой, т. е. вера в учение Аристотеля - Птолемея. Убежден, среди тех российских граждан, кто принимает геоцентрическую систему мира, вряд ли найдутся знатоки трудов Аристотеля, Птолемея, или хотя бы кто-то вспомнит эти имена.

Постараемся узнать, каким образом астрономия исчезла как предмет из программы средней общеобразовательной школы. Все началось с того, что в 1991 году предмет астрономия в школах перестал быть базовым. Это означало, что он перешел в разряд факультативного курса. Со временем безнадежно устарел и сам учебник по астрономии. Нет учебника – нет предмета. Целых восемь лет в России было потрачено на разработку нового учебника по астрономии. В 2008 году на суд Министерства образования и науки РФ было представлено четыре разных учебника по астрономии. Ни один из них не был одобрен министерством. Таким образом, астрономия как предмет в общеобразовательной школе окончательно умерла. Наше мировоззрение, безусловно, деформировалось из-за отсутствия элементарных знаний по астрономии. Космос, звезды, планеты, галактики и т. п. – это то, что нам помогает почувствовать бесконечные масштабы мироздания. Мы никогда не перестанем смотреть в небо на звезды, пытаться найти созвездия Большой и Малой Медведицы, увидеть пояс Ориона и считать падающие «звезды» (метеориты). Вселенная прорастает в нас осознанием ее величественности и общим пониманием того, как она устроена. Знания объединяют людей, а невежество разделяет. Строить свое мировоззрение без элементарных знаний о Вселенной – это все равно, что верить в Илью Пророка, мчащегося по небу на своей колеснице, мечущему громы, молнии, и просить, чтобы он ехал помедленнее и выбирал молнии покороче, а громы потише.

О том, что без астрономии – не жизнь, а какая-то нервная маята, говорит еще и то, как быстро (в течение года) утвердили школьный учебник. Остается вопрос, – когда он появится в общеобразовательных школах? Пока школьникам придется заниматься по старым «фолиантам», если они, конечно, еще остались.

Подытоживая «покорение космоса» в стенах школы, не будем придаваться унынию. Необходимо запомнить на первый раз хотя бы пять постулатов:

– Земля вращается вокруг Солнца и одновременно вокруг собственной оси;

– Вселенная бесконечна;

– Земля – третья планета Солнечной системы;

– На Марсе, четвертой планете Солнечной системы, нет воды;

– Солнце – это звезда.

И еще. Пусть не принимают близко к сердцу сторонники геоцентрической модели мира афоризм Козьмы Пруткова: «Если у тебя спрошено будет: что полезнее, солнце или месяц? – ответствуй: месяц. Ибо солнце светит днем, когда и без того светло; а месяц – ночью». Это такая астрономическая шутка.

Вячеслав Скалацкий

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Backstage at the Rockettes' Radio City Christmas Spectacular Sagan Rose : "This is our reindeer costume, which is how we start the show. This is the only costume that we get in our dressing rooms upstairs. All of these bells are hand-applied — everything is so custom, they do an amazing job for us. The leggings have an ombré effect. It's the smallest details that make the biggest difference." Raley Zofko: "It goes all the way down into our custom-designed LaDuca reindeer boot to look like a hoof of the reindeer. But our favorite part of this costume is our antlers. And — surprise surprise, I'm giving away a little story — they light up at the end [of the number], and we control that. We have a button that we press on a specific count, to specific music, on a specific step." Rose, left, and Zofko. pre bonded hairRacked: How much works goes into fitting each costume to each girl? Sagan Rose: "We start rehearsals at the end of September, and we usually have our fittings a couple weeks before that. But the costume shop is working tirelessly all year. They're so good about it, even if it's the littlest thing — they want to make it so custom and nice for us, because we do spend so much time in them and have so many shows. They want to make sure that we're comfortable. I've been doing the show for eight years now, so they keep my costumes for me year after year. But, you know, things change, bodies change. And if I ever come back and need alterations, it's very easy." Raley Zofko: "And stuff happens throughout the season because we're moving. We're athletes in our costumes. If something unravels, they instantly fix it either during the show or after the show. Everybody is just so on it and professional, and it's what makes the show run smoother." Sagan Rose

: "This is my personal favorite. I just feel kinda sassy, like a cliché Rockette. I t's all about the legs — the numbers starts just from our feet to the top of our skirts showing. So that's the focus of this costume. This is pretty close to the original version when they started the 12 Days of Christmas number here, which I want to say was about 10 years ago. It's so pretty with the lights and the colors and everybody in line together. So they really haven't had to change much." Raley Zofko: "The mesh is different because everyone's skin tone is different, so the wardrobe and costume department custom-dye it. And then we have our head pieces that we have to pin on, and then we do a bunch of head turns to make sure that those are bobby-pinned...after our seven and a half-minute minute tap number, we do kicks, which is pretty exhausting. Our show shoes actually have this battery-packed mic that goes in between the heel." Sagan Rose: "So all the taps are live. We get notes that are like, 'Make sure the heel sound on count is clearer, or sharper, or faster, or together.'" Racked: You'll go out in costume a lot for charity and publicity. Where are some of the fun places you go? remy hair extensionsRaley Zofko: "I got to do the New York Presbyterian children's hospitals last year and it was so wonderful to talk to the children that just need some holiday cheer and love. We literally had a dance party with them, so we danced with all of the kids in our costumes and they were looking at us like, 'Oh my gosh!'" Sagan Rose: "I think it's always fun to do the Macy's Day Thanksgiving Parade. That's when I first saw the Rockettes. I'm from Kentucky, and my grandmother brought my family up to New York when I was little and I was like, 'I want to do that one day.' The parade is a fun place to be in costume because it's a tradition to have us there, and you feel like it's a really big honor." Raley Zofko: "I have friends and family that come up just for the parade. I'm from Alabama, and they fly all the way up to sit in the stands to cheer on the Rockettes." Raley Zofko : "'Soldiers' is my favorite number because it's been in the show since its inception. I feel like I am part of history when I put this costume on. W e have the jacket, we have the pants, and we have the two and a half foot-high soldier hat.

Sagan Rose: "Liza Minnelli's father [Vincent] designed this, and he choreographed the number. And we do the same choreography, wear the same costume. It's really cool because you can see that Raley and I are not the same height — she is closer to the center because she's a taller girl, and I am on the very very end of the line. And when we line up we all want to seem that we are the same height, so they custom-make these jackets and pants to your height. My jacket might be a little shorter than hers so that everything matches in line." Raley Zofko: "These pants are foam pants. Because back in the day, when I started the show, they starched-pressed the pants. They stood up on their own — those were very intense." Sagan Rose: "You walk a little straighter, a little stiffer, and it's easier to perform the 'Parade of the Wooden Soldier' routine with the costume like that. And then we have our tap shoes and these round little fabric cheeks that we put on. We go through about 30,000 of those in a Christmas season. Some girls tape them to their cheeks, but I do Vaseline, because my cheeks are sensitive to the tape." Raley Zofko : "We actually get notes if our solider hat isn't straight up and down. What we do is we put their head up against the wall, so that it lines up so and the back of the hat is straight. If someone's hat is too tilted or too back, it could throw off the line completely. We'll get hat notes, like, 'Raley, your hat was a centimeter back!'" Racked: When you're going from a costume like '12 Days of Christmas' that's all about the legs to being completely covered up as a wooden soldier, what does that change in the way that you're dancing or the way that you're presenting yourself? Sagan Rose: "The costume department and the designers take into consideration what movement we're doing in each number. So I don't feel hindered because the movement is fit for this costume, and the costume is fit for the movement. In rehearsals, we rehearse for a month and a half without costumes, and you get used to that. Then you put on the costumes, and it changes the way you dance." Raley Zofko: "Along with what Sagan is saying, I feel like they take into consideration the simplicity of 'Soldiers' or the extravagance of '12 Days.' In 'Soldiers,' it's just about the formations and the history of the number, so they don't need that much movement. And '12 Days' is very in-your-face, and the costume is accordingly descriptive in that fashion." Raley Zofko : "This is the 78-second change that we were talking about. We have our dress and the coats — right here we have green stripes but there's also red stripes as well. There are so many pieces to it, and we have to get out of all of ['Soldiers'] and get to this, and it's just organized chaos." Sagan Rose: "But it's so organized that it's not chaos! Depending on where you are in the line, there's red and green dresses. This jacket has really simple snaps that really get us in and out, because the change is so fast getting into it and it's choreographed getting these off [on stage]. It could be a little stressful if it wasn't so easy. It's kind of fun because, you know, we're human, and there are wardrobe malfunctions. So if someone's having trouble getting out of their coat, because we do get sweaty and things stick to you... Raley Zofko: "We stand next to each other in this number, too. Which is so funny because I'm so tall and you're so..." perruques cheveux naturelsSagan Rose: "Short. You can say it." Raley Zofko: "You're not as tall as I am. We've had the 'take the jacket off!' emergencies where you're praying the girl behind you can hear you and help you remove it." Racked: Is this where these little guys belong, fastened on the jacket? Sagan Rose: "These are the earrings, and they're there for the changes. We put them on the collar just to make it easy. You know where everything is — I know where to reach for my earrings even when I'm not looking. This is my last step of getting dressed." Racked: Is there ever any issue with the heavy makeup? Are you ever getting something on and you just take your face off on your dress? Sagan Rose: "It happens. We're sweating, we're working hard, and it gets hot underneath those lights. So occasionally, there's white fur near our face and we do get makeup on them, but wardrobe can handle something like that in a snap and by the next show it's clean." Sagan Rose : "So we go from glamorous, sparkly, sassy

Rockettes to this." Raley Zofko: "This is such a crowd pleaser, actually. This is one of my favorite numbers to perform, too. We get to go through the audience this year, which is so cool because we're dancing and stepping all jolly and you get to look at an audience member right in the face and say 'So be good, for goodness sake!' And some of them are freaked out, and some of them love it. This costume is awesome." Sagan Rose: "Everyone thinks that this is a real fat suit, like padded fat. But it's not — it's like a harnessed wire inner tube. We fit right in there and there's no padding down here. Everyone is really surprised that we're all jumping with that. It's nice that there is freedom in this, because we are doing such big movements. It's not necessarily pressed up against our bodies, so we can still move and jump around." Raley Zofko: "The thing that I want to point out here is the wig department — because we kind of get a little messy in our number, they curl our hair and fix this after every performance to make our Santa beards look real and authentic." Racked: Tell us about the space we're in right now — there are a lot of costumes in here. Raley Zofko: "This is the nap space, and lots of changes happen back here. The ensembles are back here, the Rockettes are back here — this is the largest space that we have to change." Sagan Rose: "There can be anywhere from ten to forty [costume] people back here." Raley Zofko: "We have about ten costume changes, and that's just as much choreographed backstage as it is on stage." Racked: Are you just throwing things off and leaving them in a pile for people to handle so you can get back out there? Sagan Rose: "We each have a spot that one or two girls will go to, and there's one dresser to about two girls. We have amazing, amazing dressers. As soon as we come off stage, we're running, and we know exactly where we're going, we know who to look for. It's even choreographed how, if we're changing together, I'll do my earrings first and my dress second and my shoes third, and she'll do her shoes first and her dress second and her earrings third." Raley Zofko: "It's as organized as a [quick] costume change can be." perruques cheveuxRaley Zofko: "This was a newly designed costume by Greg Barnes in 2014. There used to be a rag doll dress that was longer and less form-fitting, and this is cinched at the waist and shorter. And we have the cutest red-and-white striped tights. And underneath that, we have our custom-designed bloomers that I absolutely adore." Sagan Rose: "I wish I could purchase them at a store — they're that cute." Raley Zofko: "We have our glasses, and we have our wigs. This is a wire material that fits right on top of your head." Sagan Rose: "And they are actually pretty light on our heads. We keep the wig caps [from 'Dancing Santas'] on for that." Raley Zofko: "And then we have our Mary Jane tap shoes, which are also miked." Sagan Rose: "We charge the '12 Days of Christmas' tap shoes and these tap shoes after each show, just to make sure." Raley Zofko: "It's so much fun to be a rag doll and get to dance and make funny faces at your friend and look at the audience and blow them kisses." Sagan Rose: "A lot of us come up on the pit of the stage so we are literally this close to the audience, and there will be little kids in the front being like 'Oh my gosh!' They don't know what is happening, their minds are blown, so it's fun to play with them." Racked: You two are seasoned pros at eight and nine years. Has anyone in this cast been around for longer?

Raley Zofko: "There are girls that have been doing it for 16 years that are still in the line!" Racked: Do you have a memory of a favorite show that was a little bit out of the ordinary? Raley Zofko: "There's a gold cast and a blue cast, and I just transitioned from the gold cast." Sagan Rose: "The blue cast is all the morning shows. while the gold cast is all the evening shows." Raley Zofko: "But the gold cast hasn't been doing opening night — this year, when I transitioned to the blue cast, I got to do opening night. That was literally spectacular because there is just such an energy on opening night that I've never felt before. I don't really get nervous anymore. I've done it a lot, and the show is very similar in the ways it changes [from year to year]. I focus on the changes so that I know exactly what to not mess up on, or try to not mess up on. But I've never felt that much energy, love, and support. We had the other cast in the theater watching us, too." lace front wigsSagan Rose: "It was the best crowd I've had in eight years. I felt like a rock star." Racked: What has it been like to perform on this huge world stage, and how is it different to perform elsewhere? Sagan Rose: "Well, to me, I feel like Radio City is my second home. I feel so comfortable on stage and I feel like we all have a bond, especially during the holidays, because a lot of us are from different places and don't have families here. I just feel so at home and so at peace on this stage. [But] when we do travel and perform outside, it's always a nice, different energy that you get." Raley Zofko: "It might be a little bit nerve-wracking in a different way, but it's just as exciting. It's just different — you can't really compare Radio City to outside venues because there's that sense of comfortability on this stage." Sagan Rose: "This is one of my favorites to wear — like '12 Days of Christmas,' the legs are highlighted. With this design, they really wanted to emphasize that every snowflake, like every Rockette, is different, but we come together to make a beautiful snowstorm. So there are six designs of this costume in six colors. All of these straps [on the top] are the biggest change."

Raley Zofko: "On my purple costume, I don't have any of these straps in the front at all. And then we have multiple cuffs and ribbons with rhinestones, and everything is covered in Swarovski crystals. Like what Sagan said, every Rockette is different, and every costume is different, and that's what they try to do with this design. And I think it's so gorgeous. On stage, it's beautiful — with the choreography in the mix, we're beautiful snowflakes dancing in a snowstorm." Sagan Rose: "Linda Haberman was the choreographer for this, and she really emphasized that she really wanted to bring our individual personalities to the stage and celebrate that. Because when you think of the Rockettes you think of a big group of women, but we all are different and have different personalities and different ways that we dance. So it's a really nice number to perform." Raley Zofko: "And then on our LaDuca shoes, the color is painted to match our tights, and the heels have Swarovski crystals on them." Sagan Rose: "This heel is different than our other ones, because it's about a half inch higher to continue the line of the leg. It's a leggy costume." cosplay wigsRacked: What advice would you give to Rockette hopefuls? Sagan Rose: "Taking ballet is very important for dancers, because if you have that good technique background, it will show in anything you do." Raley Zofko: "Tap is very important, too. All versions and styles of dance are important for Rockettes because we are proficient in all of it. I would say take as many classes as often as you can and focus on your technique." Sagan Rose: "And any job, especially in the performing arts industry, is so specific in what they need. So one year, they might need a tall girl, or they'll need a shortish girl for my spot. I think it's perseverance — If you have a goal, don't ever take no for an answer." Raley Zofko: "I would finish that off with dream big, and don't ever lose sight of your dreams. I'm from a small town in the very tip of Alabama and there's not very much dance and entertainment and theater down there. So when I first started dancing, I didn't necessarily know what was out there. And it was just once upon a time — Sagan said she saw the Rockettes at the Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade and so did I — and I thought, 'That is glamorous, that is beautiful. They are dancing, and I dance.' And it just became a tiny little dream that grew into a big dream, and now it's my life. It's just so unbelievable that it actually came true."